The range of dinosaur morphology

There's a lot of dinosaurs out there. It can be hard to know them all. Plus, a lot of them look more-or-less the same as each other. So I went through and selected fifty dinosaurs that pretty much cover the range of shapes you can get. If all you are interested in is what the dinosaur looked like, rather than when and where it lived, this list provides an example of every "type" of dinosaur, where two dinosaurs are considered the same type if I couldn't tell the difference between their sillhouettes.

The names given here are usually Genus names, with a few exceptions. Click on the name to see a Google Image search, which is the best way to see a variety of interpretations.


Therapods:

Tyrannosaurus Rex: Massive size, powerful jaws with banana-sized teeth, disproportionately small arms.

Allosaurus: A more typical large therapod. A little longer arms, less robust, but still really scary.

Spinosaurus: Enormous neural spines forming a massive "sail" on its back. It was probably semi-aquatic and had a snout like a crocodile. The tall spines continued onto its tail.

Baryonyx: Large curved claw on its thumb, long crocodile-like snout.

Carnotaurus: Two forward-curving horns above its eyes.

Dilophosaurus: Two thin, bony crests running along the top of its snout. Jurassic Park gave this the ability to shoot acid and a crest that opened up like a lizard-- both unsupported by the fossil record.

Yutyrannus: This is a tyrannosaur, like T. Rex but somewhat smaller and covered all over with feathers.

Oviraptor: Bony crest on head, feathered body, nesting behavior, a toothless parrot beak. They called it oviraptor because they thought it was stealing the eggs, but actually it was sitting on its own eggs.

Gallimimus: Long, slender neck and legs, small, toothless beak (ostrich-like appearance).

Therizinosaurus: Extremely long, scythe-like claws on its forelimbs.

Compsognathus: One of the smallest known non-avian dinosaurs, roughly the size of a chicken.


Raptors (dromaeosaurs, a type of therapod)

Velociraptor: Sickle-shaped claw on the second toe, relatively large brain size. But little, like dog sized.

Deinonychus and Utahraptor: Like Velociraptor but big, like in Jurassic Park, still covered in feathers.


Hadrosaurs (duckbills)

Parasaurolophus: Long, curved, tube-like crest extending backward from the top of its head.

Corythosaurus: Tall, plate-like crest on its head resembling a Corinthian helmet.

Lambeosaurus: Hollow, hatchet-shaped crest on its head.

Tsintaosaurus: Horn-like projection on the top of its head.

Maiasaura: Typical duckbill (no crest) but known to take care of its nest.

Edmontosaurus: A giant duckbill, like Maiasaura but T-Rex size.

Iguanodon: Large thumb spike, toothless beak, sometimes bipedal. Not really a duckbill, but related.


Stegosaurs

Stegosaurus: Two rows of kite-shaped plates along its back, four sharp tail spikes (thagomizers).

Kentrosaurus: Smaller than Stegosaurus, with plates on front, spikes on the rear and tail.


Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurus: Heavily armored wide flat body with bony plates and knobs, large bony club at the end of its tail.

Priconodon: A giant ankylosaur, 45 feet long.

Sauropelta: Some ankylosaurs had more prominent spikes coming out of their shoulders.


Ceratopsians (they have a frill on the back of their skull)

Auroraceratops: Small, early, walked on two legs, no horns.

Protoceratops: Small, without horns.

Monoclonius: One big horn on its nose.

Achelousaurus: Two horns over its eyes.

Triceratops: Three horns.

Diablosaurus: Four horns: two over its eyes, two on top of the frill.

Pentaceratops: One of the largest ceratopsians, with five horns on its face (two brow horns, a nasal horn, and two cheek horns).

Styracosaurus: Large, prominent frill with tons of long spikes, prominent nasal horn.

Kosmoceratops: Fancy arrangement of 15 horns.

Einiosaurus: "Bottle opener" nasal horn.

Pachyrhinosaurus: Massive nasal boss in place of a horn.


Bone-heads (these are related to Ceratopsians)

Pachycephalosaurus: Thick, dome-shaped skull. Dracorex looks like a dragon skull, but it's probably a young one of these.

Psittacosaurus: One of the best preserved species, we know it had quills, countershading, spots, and a cloaca.


Sauropods

Brachiosaurus: Long neck, front legs longer than hind legs, sloping back.

Giraffatitan: Similar to Brachiosaurus but with even higher shoulders and a more sloping back.

Diplodocus: Extremely long, whip-like tail, slender body.

Apatosaurus (formerly Brontosaurus): Large, barrel-shaped body, relatively shorter neck.

Camarasaurus: Large, bulbous skull, relatively short neck.

Sauroposeidon: Exceptionally long neck.

Supersaurus: Extreme length, slender build.

Nigersaurus: Very broad, straight-edged muzzle with many small, comb-like teeth.

Saltasaurus: Bony armor embedded in the skin (osteoderms).

Amargasaurus: Two parallel rows of tall, elongated spines running down its neck and back.

Plateosaurus: Early, bipedal (at least sometimes).


Bonus-- some birds. All birds are theropods.

Microraptor: Four wings (feathers on both forelimbs and hindlimbs).

Anchiornis: Extensive feathering, long leg feathers, iridescent feathers.

Yi qi: Membranous wings supported by rod-like wrist bone.

Archaeopteryx: Mosaic of reptilian and avian features (teeth, bony tail, claws, feathers).

Confuciusornis: Lacked teeth, short pygostyle, long ribbon-like tail feathers.

Hesperornis: Flightless, diving bird, small wings, powerful legs, teeth.

Lithornis: Large, vulture-like bird, strong, hooked beak.

Gastornis: Massive, flightless bird, very large, powerful beak.

Pelagornis: Giant seabirds, bony projections ("pseudoteeth") on beak.

Next time I will share other prehistoric reptiles. Let me know if you think I missed any types.

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